Planting sunflowers.

Sunflower oil is economically important crop, after soybean And palm oil. Sunflower relatively good drought tolerance. Compared to other crops such as corn, soybeans and sunflower seeds, green beans are highly nutritious. The residue obtained after extraction of oil and 40-50 percent protein sunflower oil are polyunsaturated fatty acids of about 88 percent higher than soybeans. And palm oil and contains antioxidants Antioxidants have the potential to keep longer than other vegetable oils. Because sunflower oil is high value. It is a market demand for both domestic and foreign consumption. And is used in industries such as oil paints, varnishes sunflower stem section can be made of good quality paper. Problems of plant constraints and opportunities. • Lack of good quality varieties of the government. Although many agencies have conducted research. Sunflower for over 30 years, but no variety sunflower to encourage farmers. • relatively high priced seed about 180-240 baht per kg, representing 20-25 percent of the cost of production. • Planting sunflowers in an environment that is not appropriate. • sunflower yield is relatively low. Species. Select varieties. • high yield of good quality and meet the needs of the market. • Resistance to pests. • better growth. Suitable weather to plant. Popular variety grown. Varieties for oil. Pacific 33. Hybrids are imported from abroad. Have the ability to mix yourself. Percentage seed set 96 per cent flowering, age 58 days 92 days harvesting flowers 13 cm diameter plate yield 218 kilograms per rai, 1000 seed weight of 49 g seeds black gray pattern. 39 percent oil in seeds. Chiang Mai one species. Open pollinated varieties. (Synthetic variety) that developed in the country. 90 percent percent of the seed bloom 58 days old 100 days old harvest flowers 15 cm diameter dishes to yield 203 kg 203 kg per acre production in 1000 seeds weight to 48 grams seed black seed oil in 35 percent Varieties for crunch Sai species. Open pollinated varieties bloom 64 days old plate size is quite large flowers. Diameter 19 cm to 107 days of age harvested yield the best in the North 309 kg per rai. Relatively large grain sizes. Grain size after the crack length x width x thickness equal to 1.3 x 0.5 x 0.2 cm Weight 112 g, 1000 seeds in the seed oil is relatively low 33 percent. Appropriate environment. • upland or lowland not flooded. A slope less than 5 percent. • The height from sea level up to 500 meters. • loamy sand soil. Clay loam. Or clay A drainage And well ventilated. • Soil should be moderately fertile. Organic matter is not less than 1 percent. • pH value between 6.0 to 7.5. • optimum temperature around 18-35 degrees Celsius. • Rainfall 800-1200 mm spread evenly throughout the year. Implantation Growing season. • In the field condition in the late planting season. September - mid October Scattered rainfall throughout the growing season 400-600 mm. • In the rice growing conditions during the dry season. Months from October to December. • In field conditions with irrigation. Can grow in the range as well. Soil preparation. • In field conditions Atda 30-35 cm deep into dry soil tillage 7 days a cliff again million 7. • In the state Na Atda 20-25 cm deep into dry soil tillage 7 days a cliff again million 7 lifting groove groove may be planted for growing a single row or double row by lifting the groove width of 1.5 meters. Growing methods. 75 x 25 cm plant spacing sowing 2 seeds per hole 4-5 cm deep hole and filling it to a separate withdrawal from the hole and then 10 days after emergence at approximately 8533 trees per rai. Maintenance. Instructions for the specialty fertilizer brand lotus Tip. • sandy loam or loamy sand. Organic matter is less than 1.0 percent of the fertilizer used in Formula 2 division rate of 50 kg per rai enter 2 times. Put together the first planting (second bottom groove or the bottom hole) 50 kg per rai. No. 2 on sunflower seed germination after 20-25 days of age to use fertilizer formula 2 at a rate of 50 kg per rai. By row and then sprinkle the filling. Of water • Na conditions or field conditions. Planting during the dry season by providing irrigation water on a regular basis in the amount of 30-35 mm at a time every 10-14 days and stop the water at the end of a seed, or about 20-25 days after flowering, then a total of 6. -7 times throughout the growing season. • In this case, the groove between the rows planted by the water. High water level should be 2 / 3 of the depth of the groove After the water then. Do not let the flood field up to 24 hours. Major diseases and control measures. Leaf spot or leaf blight. Symptom is a small brown leaf spots with a yellow band around the wound. Points are enlarged. Shape uncertainty. And causes leaf blight. Later the lesions to spread. To all parts of the sunflower, above ground stem from the leaf petiole, calyx, petals, flowers and dishes to break the infection from other parts of the sunflower and then spread up to the summit. The burning sunflower and dry the dishes before the little flower withered grain yield under the litter should be removed. The disease by burning. Removed from the plot. Rot or black tea, Nicole Roth. The sunflower is an infection will be smaller than normal. Dry, withered leaves track down early next Car. The next stem surface dark brown lesions spread from the stem to other parts of the stems and roots. Split view on dust grains found in the small round black or dark gray distribution in the tissue around the block and across the transport, water and food The sunflower wither and die should withdraw from burning. Sunflower's disease and should not leave the sunflower severe dehydration in the air. Hot weather and low humidity in the soil. Leaf curl disease. Leaf curl ups face is cup-shaped leaf from the top down to the middle. The bottom leaves will find the nature of vein and varicose veins and branch lines visible. The meat, shredded leaves are dark green vein generally spread from the leaves shrivel shrink did not have to scrub, scrub, flower In this case, the interest Flowers may have unusual shapes when sunflowers were a disease. Should be withdrawn from the field and be destroyed. And control the spread of sucking insects such as whitefly. Important insect pests and diseases. Bollworm. Eat seeds, flowers and drill plate. The flowers rot damage. Severe damage. Will yield more damage. Substance should use a tri-chain phospholipid. And Pioneer Chlor River phospholipid spray. Leafhoppers. Embryonic and adult like suction cup leaves a child beneath the leaf margins shrink bent bent upward leaf roll. If severe outbreak would cause the edges of dried leaves or leaf blight reduced yields should Substance Links Car Pioneer Consulting girlfriend Claudia St. Joseph River. Weed control measures. • Keep debris out of the weeds over the year before planting sunflowers conversion. • weed control by workers. Or machinery at 20-25 days old sunflower Mulching with crop residues or straw immediately after planting. • In the case of weed control methods mentioned above are not effective enough. May choose to use spray herbicide

Harvest Sunflower harvest under the age of varieties grown. Or at the age of about 90 to 120 days or after the flowers begin to change the dish brown, about 7-14 days, using scissors, cut flower plate. By selecting only the perfect flowers. Post-harvest practices. • Water harvesting flowers and plates 1-2 sun sun on deck or cement dry on a canvas and covered with sunflower dishes pile canvas at night. To prevent dew • grain crackers from plate flowers. The flowers on a plate in the bag. Or sack then. The timber break Or use the modified soy massage and then speed around 200 -350 rpm. • peel and seed the sun the sun to reduce moisture in the 1-2 seeds. Only about 12-14 percent and then to clean the seeds. • contains hemp seeds in a bag that is not damaged, clean • Trim the mouth sacks to complete. Pak and sewing bag with rope. • put the bag containing sunflower seeds in the shade. The area with wood minor Transportation • during transportation. Sunflower seeds should not be moisture • Trucks must be clean. Appropriate to the amount of sunflower seeds. • Do not use a car that carried the soil or animal manure, chemical fertilizer, anti. Pesticides. It may have been contaminated. Unless cleaned properly before the truck. • In case of transportation sunflower seeds during the rainy season. Must have a canvas cover to protect the sunflower seeds is moisture. And has been damaged. Fatty acid in the oil major. List Polyunsaturated fatty acids. Department of saturated fat. No Impact play list c acid. Safflower oil. Corn oil. Sunflower oil. Soybean oil. Rice bran oil. Sesame oil Cotton seed oil (kapok). Peanut oil. Oil palm 87. 84. 83. 80. 80. 80. 71. 76. 49. 8. 10. 12. 15. 16. 14. 25. 18. 45. 72. 53. 63. 52. 37. 42. 50. 29. 8. Source: Church Saowanee safeguard 2526. Nutrition present New York: Thai Wattana Panich.

Source reference: www.doa.go.th.

Planting pepper

Union.
In Thailand has grown pepper varieties. And commonly known in their short-lived There are approximately 6 species.
1. Chillies, some elephants. Large number of older pepper it. The right circular cone in the large end of taper diameter and 2.5 cm 10-12 cm long, pale green, smooth results. Of the color red sauce, not to spicy texture much grain at drying the color red better. 2 chili size different kind of small effect, green or yellow varieties around the other to most varieties of local difference. any of the flavor is red hot
3. Paprika big fortress of 3-4 cm in diameter. 8-10 cm long. Two-pound end is not as smooth groove Filling the seed in a few large, yellow, green algae. It is cooked to the red hot or spicy taste Aamnsoog planted less expensive than other pepper 4. Chillies it direct result of its smooth, round and small diameter of 0.6 cm. 6-8 cm long in the seed when the light is green areas. Time for a spicy red.
5. Chillies grown giant fortress of an area around the dent marks. 6-8 cm in diameter. 10-12 cm long. A few seeds in bold colors of flesh when it classified as a green light at the red hot sauce, not growing well in October. Harvested in December is a good price.
6. Singapore chilli growing size of 1.5 to 2 cm in diameter. 8-12 cm long, bend the end of pinch skin smooth groove angle is any less effective when the seeds are light green areas. Time for a spicy red pepper grown throughout the year.
If those areas have adequate water for the area being irrigated is not. Pepper is grown in the rainy season starts Cultivating about a month from March to April and transplanted in May-June, but if the farmers have the best price should be planted during the months of January and February. Because chili is the highest price during the months of May-August found that the pepper grown in the dry season is from January to October-November would lead to faster than those grown in the rainy season is from January to May-June soil suitable for planting. pepper were loamy sand with abundant good. Good drainage. If pepper is grown in the rainy season there is a problem that is Wilt. Because fungi. And to destroy bacteria. Alternating current should be planted rice bean chili and other crops.

Soil preparation.
Transplanted to soil preparation. When brave about 6 inches high. Tillage plots. The dry soil Atda mix of 5-7 days after the first plowing put manure or compost over the conversion rate of 3-4 tons / ha. Tip Lotus brand fertilizer formula 2 at a rate of 50 kg / ha. Sown over the planting area. Then crowd filling it with soil preparation, planting, preparing to convert field. Can be done in various ways. Depending on the condition of the crops as follows: 1. Grown not to raise conversions. For other areas with good drainage. Adjustable consistency. Planting a single row may be planted. The distance between rows 60-70 cm Between the 50 cm Or planting a double row. The distance between a double row of 1 meter. 50 cm between rows Between the 50 cm 2. Planting a lift conversions. For crops that have high groundwater level. Flower drainage difficult. Convert size 1.50 m wide. Channel width 50 cm 50 cm deep planting two rows on the conversion, with row spacing from 0.75 to 1.00 meters. Between the 50 cm Or planting a double row of 1 meter. 50 cm between rows Between the 50 cm

Implantation
Cultivation of pepper plant may be 3-discriminatory way. As appropriate. 1. By the way, the pepper seed sowing directly into the hole. 3-5 seeds per hole. Sweet pepper seed germination, seed 80% 60-90 g / ha. Popular practice in a large field. And not enough workers to move seedlings. The weakness of this approach is growing. From chili weak May be ants and other insects eat the leaves wasting seed. And time to grow, repair 2. Pepper seeds to germinate, and then implanted into the hole. Cover with a thin soil culture method is to soak seeds. Then take a damp cloth wrapped around two days left. Seed germination and to grow 3. Seedling cultivation before the conversion. Cultivating converted amount 15-15-15 fertilizer should be 100 grams per square meter. Mix the soil about 5-8 inches deep. Use Furama dimensions of culture when sowing seeds, about 10 days. Seed germination. If the tree density. To withdraw after the split real form, and then unfold the full 2-3 days. When the brave age of 18 days. Fertilizer, ammonium sulphate, dissolved by pouring water Ratio of 1 gram per 200 cc of water. Then the water immediately. Culture by culture by seed sets which do not germinate this way should mix Paclitaxel fungus that may be attached to the seeds before the seeds culture are all Ah site and in the field cultivation should be watering with the four leave instead of 80 or the octane number. 45 M to prevent rot. When brave about 6 inches high. Is ready to be transplanted. Total age courage in the field for crop planting by seed germination, about 30 days. And normal seed crop by about 40 days. In some of the plant by moving the courage 2 times. In order to have healthy seedlings. Durable and harvested more quickly. By making a bold move at a time when courage has grown 2 true leaves form. Move the cuttings in a plastic bag or a new convert to the distance 10-15 cm To move the courage to do this carefully. Trying to install from the root before transplanting in the most new converts. Should convert water to soak culture leave an hour late and then stick a knife or shoveling to withdraw gradually crumbling old seedlings and cuttings in the field in the new 15-20 days. Or about 6 inches high. It was transplanted. To get healthy seedlings. Withstand weather conditions are not appropriate. Do this by spraying a solution of dark brown hair is 10% sand, 10 parts sugar. Fill the other 90 parts injection every 3 days for 2 weeks before transplanting. Before injection of sugar solution to make this chili wet leaves all over. So that leaves can absorb a high amount of sugar.

Maintenance.
To perform maintenance. Pepper plants are drought-resistant than water resistant. But in the chili starts flowering. Chili will need water more commonly found that the water is not enough. And dry weather makes flowers bloom and the soft light that just next to fall. On the condition that the air is quite cold. Temperature of 10-15 Sํ. Chili will grow very well. The flowers are attached below. And flowers in the fall. The water should be reduced. Or abstain at the beginning to keep the chili This is because if the paste too much. Will cause the color is not pretty.

Of water
After construction of the water. Water should be as follows: - During the first 3 days of water a day to 2 times per day - evening - during four days later. Water once a day - during Week 2 to Week 4, the water 3 times a week - week 5 to week 7, water weekly 2 times - during the week of 7 then the water once a week one time the of. water should be given to pepper the landscape and view of the soil contains moisture.

Of fertilizer
Fertilizer, fertilizer and pepper, depending on the type and quality of the soil generally Recommended fertilizer formula lotus Tip 2. At a rate of 50 kg per rai.
°. Primer before transplanting and then a month after transplanting. At a rate of 50 kg per rai.
°. Again. How to enter the plant and then sprinkle the middle between the rows filling bell. In this phase, a period that began pepper-eyed flowers. (But not flowering) needs some extra nutrients.

So after fertilization and then 1-2 Sun Should inject liquid fertilizer, such as four bytes, which leaves millions of chili will be available faster. Liquid fertilizer for foliar spray at this time should be given after the harvest. Mixed with the drug by injection pest.

The shoveling.
Shoveling chili because it spread the roots spread near the soil surface. Must be careful not to hurt the roots. It will Ongeu growth Pepper tree will topple easily. The fertilizer should dig a hole under the broad leaf pepper to spread to Do not put the stem aligned.

Harvest
Harvest Chili will begin to yield 2 months after transplanting, and then half to three months in early production will be less and will gradually increase, respectively. Harvested 1 week production time begins when the chili starts to decrease. When the pepper has 6-7 months of age. After transplanting from shabby to start and stop the production. If the chili is good maintenance to 1 year old.

Making chili.
Making the dried chillies. Chili will be required to keep dry characteristics such as red if the store already has some results that are not to be used randomly in about 2 people Kheng. For curing the ripe fruit red. Then the sun to dry out. Results should always leave out the rot. Be careful not to home to make chili pepper to rain. Can cause mildew. Price falls are some popular Farmers Grill fire The panel grilled pepper on the grill, then light fires or below. Wait chili dog back to around the same. Will soon dried up. Stored for long perishable.

Collecting the pepper breeding.
Collecting the pepper breeding. Should result from a strong and heavy Growth characteristics of the long-shape thing is not bent bent out of shape he looks the way species. And not a disease. Should work for a variety store. From 3 store model because the large number of seeds. And the large size of the seed completely. Preservation of the rest of the Car start to maturation. They were stored in containers as well as baskets for about 2 nights ago until soft. Use a knife to sharpen differences. Clear seeded tap water. Then spread on a rack or tray. Sun to dry, clean plastic bag or bottle tightly closed to keep the cliff where the air is dry. Cold and not near the stove. Or in the sun always shines.

Pepper and disease control measures.
Diseases of pepper and a disease control measures dare necrosis Symptoms generally see is wilting seedling death. Prevention 1. Mix seeds with anti-fungus medication. After washing, seeds and seed varieties should be with drugs such as anti-fungus has only 45 species M. red. Fungi in the soil to prevent harm to seed germination, while 2. When the seedlings to grow above the ground already. Shadow once and must immediately be sprayed once in every 5-7 days. Drug use spray is a drug prevention group around any fungus that is used to spray on the leaves, such as cattle compete flow, the M. Tech, etc. 45. Should also inject drugs into the surface with a drug that spraying should not use the drug compounds, their copper, a disease, root and stem rot symptoms from pepper the disease onset yellow card and then falling leaves from pepper withered trees die at any stage. Farmers have called pepper and yellow leaf symptoms and early fall with chili pepper bush bright eyes that it heads nude pepper stem and root tissue brown rot. Control measures. If the disease is epidemic diseases should be as follows: 1. To withdraw from the disease by destroying application burned. 2 This disease can help by adding lime in the soil around 100-200 kg / ha. And waste associated with three leaves. The fungus diseases drug use across the farm would not be very cost effective. But if done in such a small area of the hole, but it could take a drug Therapy Soul Therapy chloride or mixture of water the soil in the hole. Scattering or tablets into the soil and then watering as a dried shrimp disease symptoms of the disease symptoms on the pepper, it is clear that the organized. Or chili fruit ripening. The pepper mild Aamnใcrnn this disease. Stage of the disease easily is the chili at the Chili House term maturity or period before the chili will change color. Initial symptoms appear as circular spots bruised brown. Sink deep into the tissue from the same level a bit. Brown bruised spots will gradually expand into a circular wound. Or ellipse. Discernible characteristics of the fungus growing under the plant tissue in a manner that extends in a circle overlapping a black layer which contained spores of the fungus. The size of the lesions varies. Some results may have major long wound to scrap the two-third of the chili. Rot of pepper, which makes the results The chili with a wound that will fall before the results are cooked. Or to the full. And when the sun is often much more disease incidence during storage may be stored all the pepper rot damage consecutive to all This is because the fungus is still alive in these lesions. Pepper seeds from a disease pathogen, it should not carry over to keep breeding. In addition, these fungi cause leaf spots are brown. Yellow edges, but intact and as many problems as Phase formed on the pepper. Control measures: 1. A good selection of seeds planted. Is selected from the chilli is not a disease. 2 drugs should be used with seed varieties. Antibiotics to kill germs instead of their hands. Which may be attached to the third seed. Drug fungal diseases, such as the Four leave instead, the octane number. M 45 spray all. 3-15 days at a time, other drugs, except they all sulfur similar results in the prevention of this disease 4. Chillies, some species have a high resistance, such as Poriueheืoong and pepper. 5. Do not use the seeds from the seed to the disease.

Insects - pests and diseases pepper.
Insects - pests and diseases chilli thrips damage and destruction. Thrips have mouths that suck plant leaf broth. Thrips damage like top - leaves eyes, flower crops were destroyed when a trace of brown Beach Ongeu growth or dry death. If the leaves will cause leaf curl leaf edges may be wrapped up twist top If you look below to find the best cards to aphid When the older leaves are brown marks on the air if it is dry with rain falling crop water deficit will reach 50% damage control measures. At the start were thrips. Is to find a way to eliminate from the first stage. Do not let the initial lack of water to plants. Considering using pesticides should be used with caution in the drug, production of new drugs, these one should work like saving 85 seconds, Basu soil If a source of growing old chili, which was used by these drugs does not work to use drugs or acting particularly strong activity against thrips, such as shrimp grow Ah On, LAN Net. One spray every 5 days. Even two consecutive times. Once lost, then suddenly stopped. Or to prevent spray every 7-10 days if you live in the outbreak. Time should be carefully spray painted to cover the balance, especially under the leaves and aphids destruction and damage. Aphids are sucking insects that damage the broth is clear if a very Wave form is different from most distortion thrips and mite. When the flip is the easier option. Outbreaks often patchy, if any, large amount of aphids. Note that according to a tough water pepper leaves, sometimes with the black mold. Which result from the aphid nectar ladle Aphids can spread viruses or other pathogens of pepper Wisa causes leaf mosaic pattern which is different major disease category of chili as a result of the infection of aphids taken. Take suction from the beginning of the meal with the disease before. Control measures. Aphids may spread from other plants. Grown in the vicinity, such as cotton, tomatoes and vegetables, allowing conversion of grass and weeds placenta often find aphids spread always keep under review the total leaf chili pepper from the starting. If it is found to be embryonic or eliminate nicotine. Or anti-nicotine every 10 days. Until the pepper will mature The pepper will make a better resistance to disease in later drug classes dimethoxyindole Thomas Eight, Basu soil Or the Sun C Non, meta Cisco Top Chest. Or absorption of other drugs is only good with aphids.